1st Century (16)

All, therefore, were glorified and magnified, not through themselves or their own works or the righteous actions which they did, but through his will. And so we, having been called through his will in Christ Jesus, are not justified through ourselves or through our wisdom or understanding or piety or works, which we have done in holiness of heart, but through faith, by which the almighty God has justified all who have existed from the beginning, to whom be the glory for ever and ever. Amen.
Clement
1 Clement 32:3-4

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Clement 1st Century Early Church Fathers Faith Alone Justification

Christian authors as early as Tertullian openly promoted the tradition of the univira and the idea that widows must remain single and not remarry. He exhorted his own wife to remain ad univiratum as a widow. A number of Christian epitaphs likewise celebrate the univira in their ranks (CIL 10.7196; ICLV 1581). The Roman ideal was thus reprised in Latin Christianity in the WestRemarriage in Early Christianity, Eerdmans, 43

A. Andrew Das Roman Culture 1st Century Remarriage

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Language associated with the univira tradition parallels the apostle Paul's in Rom 7:1-3 and 1 Cor 7:39... The wife is subject to the husband while he lives, and only his death brings about freedom. In the tradition of the univira, the wife does not avail herself of that freedom.Remarriage in Early Christianity, Eerdmans, 42

A. Andrew Das Roman Culture Marriage 1st Century Remarriage

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Despite the fact that actual marriages rarely emulated this ideal, during the reigns of Trajan and Hadrian historians and commentators still held concerning the ideal Roman marriage that the wife should be married only once during her lifetime and praised as a univira, that the wife should obey her husband, and that the marriage would last a lifetime and be brought to an end by spousal death alone, if even then.Remarriage in Early Christianity, Eerdmans, 41

A. Andrew Das Roman Culture Marriage 1st Century

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It is important to realize what a difference a people's worldview makes in their strength as they are exposed to the pressure of life. That it was the Christians who were able to resist religious mixtures, syncretism, and the effects of the weakness of Roman culture speaks to the strength of the Christian worldview.How Should We Then Live, 19

Francis Schaeffer Worldview 1st Century

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Ultimately, slaves and human masters are subjected to the same Lord and both must obey him. This undermines the institution of slavery by refusing to accept that slaves are the property of their human masters or share less inherent value. Slaves and masters stand on an equal footing before Christ.Pillar Commentary

Constantine Campbell 1st Century Slavery Roman Culture

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The Bauer-Ehrman thesis is invalid. Earliest Christianity was not infested with a plethora of competing heresies (or "Christianities," as Ehrman and other Bauer paragons prefer to call them); it was a largely unified movement that had coalesced around the conviction that Jesus was the Messiah and exalted Lord predicted in the Old Testament. Consequently, the apostles preached Jesus crucified, buried, and risen on the third day according to the Scriptures. There were heretics, for sure, but the trajectory spanning from the Old Testament to Jesus and to the apostles provided a clear and compelling infrastructure and mechanism by which the earliest Christians could judge whether a given teaching conformed to its doctrinal christological core or whether it deviated from it.The Heresy of Orthodoxy

Andreas Kostenberger 1st Century Bauer Thesis

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No totalitarian authority nor authoritarian state can tolerate those who have an absolute by which to judge that state and its actions. The Christians had that absolute in God's revelation.How Should We Then Live, 22

Francis Schaeffer 1st Century Roman Culture

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it is important to understand Roman-era slavery and how it differed from more recent forms of slavery, especially that of the United States and Britain until the nineteenth century. Constituting at least 10 percent of the Roman Empire, swelling up to 30 percent in the city of Rome itself, slavery was a major strata of Roman society. Rather than being based on race, people could become slaves through economic necessity, war, kidnapping, or by birth.Pillar Commentary

Constantine Campbell 1st Century Slavery Roman Culture

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Unlike enslaved persons in the American institution of slavery, Roman slaves could rise to positions of significant social responsibility, working as doctors, tutors, and government officials. They could manage household finances, earn their own money, and even purchase their own freedom.Pillar Commentary

Constantine Campbell 1st Century Slavery Roman Culture

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Paul's purpose in the household code is more immediate and of practical benefit for those who are living in the household. The abolition of slavery—inspired in part by Paul's undermining of it—would take centuries to achieve.Pillar Commentary

Constantine Campbell 1st Century Slavery Roman Culture

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These gods depended on the society which had made them, and when this society collapsed the gods tumbled with it.How Should We Then Live, 18

Francis Schaeffer Roman Culture Greek Culture 1st Century

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The gods were amplified humanity, not divinity.How Should We Then Live, 17

Francis Schaeffer Roman Culture Greek Culture 1st Century

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The Greeks and later the Romans also tried to build society upon their gods. But these gods were not big enough because they were finite, limited.How Should We Then Live, 17

Francis Schaeffer Roman Culture Greek Culture 1st Century

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Writing in antiquity was a particularly arduous business. It was done while seated on the ground with the tablet or papyrus suspended on one's garment between crossed legs. The reed pen had to be sharpened just so and the ink made by hand. It is no wonder that secretaries (γραμματείς, grammateis) with specialized knowledge of the mechanics of writing were usually employed in drafting one's writingsEphesians, Evangelical Exegetical Commentary (Bellingham, WA: Lexham Press, 2015), 4

S. M. Baugh Writing 1st Century

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Convening the judges of the Sanhedrin, he brought before them the brother of Jesus who was called the Christ, whose name was James, and certain others. He accused them of having transgressed the law and delivered them up to be stoned.Antiquities

Josephus 1st Century

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